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You’re not supposed to be reading about this. Internal emails from Energy Northwest , which operates the region’s sole commercial nuclear reactor located at Hanford, revealed that the
consortium of public utilities has been planning to use Plutonium fuel, which has higher risks of radiation
releases and higher doses in accidents than conventional uranium fuel. Energy Northwest is seeking
to have its Columbia Generating Station (CGS) reactor, formerly known as “WPPSS 2”, to be the first
commercial reactor in the nation to use the Plutonium fuel, referred to as “MOX” fuel.
“I assume this will stay between PNNL and DOE-NNSA. Just don’t want any unexpected press
releases about burning MOX fuel in CGS,”, read a 2010 email between Energy Northwest and US
Department of Energy (DOE) Pacific Northwest Lab and other DOE staff. The heavily blacked out
emails and other documents were obtained under Washington’s Public Records Act by the region’s leading
Hanford Clean-Up watchdog group, Heart of America Northwest.
Plutonium fuel used in Reactor 3 at Japan’s Fukushima reactor complex is causing the greatest dangers
of meltdown and release of Plutonium and other radionuclides.
Ironically, Energy Northwest, USDOE and nuclear industry staff pitches for the Hanford reactor being
the first in the nation to use Plutonium fuel included citing the fact that Plutonium fuel was being used at
Fukushima to show that the plan was safe. A presentation even cited GE’s role in providing Plutonium for
its Fukushima reactor as a benefit for GE to have a role in the Plutonium fuel plan for Energy Northwest.
As the world has unfortunately learned as the Japan reactor meltdown crisis unfolded, Plutonium MOX
fuel operates at higher temperatures in reactors, and higher heat for spent fuel in pools than conventional
uranium reactor fuel. “Higher temperatures increase gas release from fuel pellets,” which would lead to
increased release of radioactive gasses and increased radiation doses – “which could affect… accident
consequences,” says one Energy Northwest document labeled “Business Sensitive.”
“Regional and state politics should be considered regarding our announcement” of the pending
agreement with the federal Energy Department read another internal staff summary obtained via the Public
Records Act.
“It’s no surprise that the utility tried to keep its controversial plans to use reactor fuel containing
weapons-quality plutonium secret,” said researcher Tom Clements who uncovered Energy Northwest’s plans. Clements has been the leading watchdog over Plutonium at the Energy Department’s Savannah
River Site and requested the documents for Friends of the Earth and Heart of America Northwest. “MOX
containing approximately five to seven percent weapons-grade plutonium presents technical challenges
to reactor operation and fuel management and storage, poses security risks in transport and handling, and
presents the threat of larger radiation release in an accident.”
The political motivation for Energy Northwest to be the first nuclear reactor operator in the nation to
use Plutonium MOX fuel was displayed in a slide presentation to the Energy Northwest Board. The Long-
Term Vision goals presented to the Energy Northwest board, comprised of representatives from the member
public utilities stated: “Assist nuclear industry in closing the nuclear fuel cycle.”
None of the safety risks from using Plutonium fuel, or the objections to using Plutonium fuel due
to weapons proliferation concerns, were mentioned in the presentation to the Energy Northwest Board
members. For many years, the nuclear industry has promoted extracting Plutonium from the used, “spent”,
reactor fuel rods after they are removed from reactors. The Plutonium would then be utilized in new
MOX fuel. This extraction involves melting the used fuel rods down in acid and chemically extracting the
Plutonium, which is less than one percent of the volume or radioactivity of the used fuel. What remains are
very large quantities of liquid High-Level Nuclear Wastes.
At Hanford, over 53 million gallons of liquid High-Level Nuclear Wastes are stored in massive
underground tanks which have leaked over a million gallons of some of the deadliest waste ever created
on the planet. The leaks from the tanks have spread deeper into the soil and into groundwater moving
more rapidly towards the Columbia River than USDOE claimed was possible as of just several years ago.
USDOE’s effort to build the world’s largest nuclear and chemical treatment plant to glassify (“vitrify”) the
liquid High-Level Wastes is years behind schedule and more than $8 billion over the original price estimate
from 2001. The Plant, when competed in 2019, is projected to have the capacity to treat only half the
volume of waste in Hanford’s tanks by 2050, leading Heart of America Northwest to challenge the calls to
create even more liquid High-Level Nuclear Wastes in order to have Plutonium fuel.
The nuclear industry is attempting to rebrand the melting down of fuel rods to extract Plutonium from
its long held name of “reprocessing” to the green name of “recycling,” and touting it as a solution to the
nation’s lack of a geologic repository for High-Level Nuclear Waste, especially following the withdrawal of
the license application for the proposed repository at Yucca Mt., Nevada.
The President’s Blue Ribbon Commission reviewing what to do with spent reactor fuel and High-
Level Nuclear Waste has issued a draft report noting that the scientific consensus is that “reprocessing”
does not reduce the need for High-Level Nuclear Waste geologic repositories, while there is no consensus
on the proliferation risks, and recognizing that it does create new liquid High-Level Nuclear Wastes. The
Commission’s draft report on the testimony presented to it is available for comment on its website (http://www.brc.gov/).
On the evening of March 31st, well over 100 concerned people attended an annual “State of the
Hanford Site” meeting at the Red Lion Hotel at Portland’s Jantzen Beach with many insisting that Hanford
officials take action to stop Energy Northwest from adding Plutonium back to Hanford for use in Energy
Northwest’s reactor as well as urging that Hanford not be used again as a national radioactive waste dump.
The responses from Energy Department officials to both of these top regional concerns began similarly
by telling the audience that another entity or part of the Energy Department was responsible. After being
pressed by the indefatigable Lloyd Marbett, who led efforts to shut the Trojan reactor for many years,
Energy Department Richland Field Office Manager Matt McCormick said that he would raise the concerns
of Portland’s public with Energy Northwest officials when he tours their reactor in April.
One result of the outcry was Ken Niles, representing the Oregon Department of Energy, informing the
public that Oregon would now be looking to be more involved in reviewing Energy Northwest’s pending
application for relicensing to operate for an additional twenty years, in light of the Fukushima accident and
the need to examine emergency plans.
Two nights earlier in Seattle, the Energy Department’s McCormick had professed to being unaware
that the Department’s own Pacific Northwest Lab was planning on using “hot cell” facilities in the
southern portion of the Hanford site to fabricate the Plutonium fuel and to “assay” the test fuel rods, which
would create new highly radioactive wastes. Several public comments then said that this undermined
McCormick’s credibility and doubted that the site Manager would not know of a proposal to utilize
a contaminated facility to produce Plutonium fuel in an area where all the other facilities were being
dismantled.
On March 18th, the citizens group Heart of America Northwest Research Center sued Energy Northwest for violating Washington’s Public Records Act for blacking out records showing what the utility
planned to spend from ratepayer money to pursue MOX along with risks and liabilities for the region’s
public utilities which comprise Energy Northwest. Attorney Dave Bahr of Eugene, who specializes in
Freedom of Information Act and state public records violations, is representing the group.
While finding out what Energy Northwest hid from disclosure is the goal of the suit, the next steps
from citizens opposing the use of Plutonium fuel are likely to organize for city electric utilities and county
public utility districts in Energy Northwest’s board to demand an end to the plan to use Plutonium fuel. A
second legal front will likely be to insist that the Energy Department and Energy Northwest prepare an
environmental impact statement with public review and meetings on the proposal – a step which is not
discussed as part of the process in the planning documents disclosed to date. Those documents foresaw the
start of Plutonium test rods being used in the reactor in 2013.
Following the Japanese reactor meltdown, safety questions abound about whether Nuclear Regulatory
Commission (NRC) safety reviews will be more strenuous for MOX Plutonium fuel. In the Energy
Northwest plans, the maximum melt down to be considered in the proposed safety review was for only
1.8% of the fuel to melt. While it is far too early to know how much fuel in Fukushima Reactor 3 has
melted or breached, numerous experts have stated that they expect a far more substantial portion than 1.8%.
The Plutonium proposed to be used to fuel Energy Northwest’s Columbia Generating Station would be
coming from the Energy Department’s stockpile of weapons grade Plutonium at its Savannah River, South
Carolina site. The Plutonium would have to be trucked to Hanford – a major security risk as well as posing
serious safety questions.
Ironically, USDOE spent tens of millions of dollars removing weapons grade Plutonium from a vault
at Hanford’s Plutonium Finishing Plant and sending it to the Savannah River site over the past several
years. Trucking the Plutonium requires extensive security – there are few more attractive or higher profile
malicious targets on US highways.
When the Energy Department under the Bush Administration proposed to truck half of the nation’s
spent fuel to Hanford for reprocessing (or “recycling”) in 2008, its own impact statement estimated that
trucking the highly radioactive wastes would cause 816 fatal cancers in adults along the truck routes, even
if there were no accident or terrorist attacks.
The casks used to shield radiation from High-Level Nuclear Waste or highly radioactive Plutonium
wastes are massive but cannot prevent all radiation from coming through the cask without being far too
heavy to be trucked.
Children are three to ten times more susceptible to cancer from the same radiation dose as adults, but
the Energy Department only calculated the risk to adults along the truck routes.
If Plutonium is trucked to Hanford or if Hanford is used as a national radioactive waste dump, Oregon
bears the greater portion of risks. From the East Coast, the majority of shipments would have to cross the
Blue Mountains on I-84. From California and the Southwest, a substantial number of radioactive waste
trucks would head up the I-5 corridor through Medford, Eugene, Salem and Portland.
Over a thousand Portland residents would die from cancer if there were a reasonably foreseeable
accident or terrorist attack on a truck carrying highly radioactive Plutonium wastes to Hanford at the
intersection of I-205 and I-84, according to the findings of a group of nuclear physicists and nuclear
waste transportation experts hired by Heart of America Northwest to run Nuclear Regulatory Commission
models. Over 300 square miles of Portland would have to be evacuated and remain evacuated until a never
before decontamination effort were somehow conducted in an urban area. Whether this is feasible may
soon be tested in the area around Fukushima.
Plutonium fuel is not as radioactive as the waste which USDOE proposes to ship to Hanford. On
May 19th, the Energy Department is holding its sole Oregon hearing on a new proposal to use Hanford
as a national radioactive waste dump for extremely radioactive wastes, which it calls “Greater Than Class
C” wastes. These wastes include highly radioactive Plutonium wastes, which USDOE started shipping
to Hanford in 2003, but were blocked from further trucking due to the lack of consideration of the safety
and environmental risks in an impact statement. Many of these truckloads would be on the I-5 corridor if
USDOE chooses to use shallow landfills or boreholes at Hanford to dispose of the wastes.
Oregon’s US Senator Ron Wyden has often said that: “Using Hanford as a national radioactive waste
dump puts Oregon at risk twice: once when the waste is trucked to Hanford, and again when it inevitably
leaks into groundwater and into the Columbia River.”
For Additional Information: visit the Heart of America Northwest website at: www.hoanw.org
by Gerry Pollet, JD, Executive Director, Heart of America Northwest Issue #465 / April 2011
Gerry Pollet is Executive Director of Heart of America Northwest, a 16,000 member citizens’ group which is widely
respected as the region’s largest citizens’ watchdog group for the cleanup of America’s most contaminated area: the
Hanford Nuclear Reservation, through which the Columbia River flows for fifty miles in Central Washington.
Gerry also continues to serve as chair for the Hanford Advisory Board’s Budgets and Contracts oversight
committee, responsible for review of the ederal Energy Department’s (USDOE’s) Hanford budgets, management
and contracts. Hanford Clean-Up is the nation’s largest public works project with a $2 billion annual budget. Working
closely with Senator Ron Wyden, Congressman Adam Smith and others, Gerry has provided the research and
advocacy leading to reductions in Hanford contractors’ “overhead” costs and other waste by hundreds of millions of
dollars. Gerry has testified by invitation to U.S. Senate and U.S. House Committees. His research has been utilized
extensively in media reporting on Hanford Clean-Up contracts and budgets. He has worked extensively to protect
workers at Hanford from exposure to beryllium.
The University of Washington School of Public Health awarded Heart of America Northwest and Gerry its
2010 Community Service Partner award; and, Heart of America Northwest was named the “Region’s Best
Environmental Group” in 2008 by the Spokane Peace, Justice and Environmental Community. Other honors include
“Grassroots Activist of the Year” by the Alliance for Nuclear Accountability; and, Washington Physicians for Social
Responsibility’s top annual award, previously given to then AG, now Governor Chris Gregoire, and Gov. Mike
Lowry. (Paul Beeson Peace Award).
Gerry is a frequent lecturer and teacher at regional universities, law schools and legal education programs,
and supervises an annual public interest and environmental law student externship program. Gerry has assisted
numerous environmental citizen groups and other public interest groups. He serves on the legal committee of the
Washington Coalition for Open Government, and on the board as Secretary.
In 1986, Gerry was the author and campaign director of the successful Washington State Ballot Referendum that
blocked Hanford from becoming the nation’s first High-Level Nuclear Waste Dump.
Gerry was one of the contributing authors of Washington’s Model Toxics Control Act, passed by the voters
of Washington State. He has subsequently been the drafter of provisions updating the law and its rules for risk
assessment, public involvement and allowing for cleanup and reuse of industrial properties. He has served on
numerous agency advisory boards relating to hazardous substance cleanup, regulation of dangerous wastes, and
electric utility planning. Gerry has lectured and presented in numerous forums on risk assessment and public input
to exposure scenarios in hazardous waste site cleanup planning.