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You’re not supposed to be reading about this. Internal emails from Energy Northwest , which operates the region’s sole commercial nuclear reactor located at Hanford, revealed that the consortium of public utilities has been planning to use Plutonium fuel, which has higher risks of radiation releases and higher doses in accidents than conventional uranium fuel. Energy Northwest is seeking to have its Columbia Generating Station (CGS) reactor, formerly known as “WPPSS 2”, to be the first commercial reactor in the nation to use the Plutonium fuel, referred to as “MOX” fuel.

“I assume this will stay between PNNL and DOE-NNSA. Just don’t want any unexpected press releases about burning MOX fuel in CGS,”, read a 2010 email between Energy Northwest and US Department of Energy (DOE) Pacific Northwest Lab and other DOE staff. The heavily blacked out emails and other documents were obtained under Washington’s Public Records Act by the region’s leading Hanford Clean-Up watchdog group, Heart of America Northwest.

Plutonium fuel used in Reactor 3 at Japan’s Fukushima reactor complex is causing the greatest dangers of meltdown and release of Plutonium and other radionuclides.

Ironically, Energy Northwest, USDOE and nuclear industry staff pitches for the Hanford reactor being the first in the nation to use Plutonium fuel included citing the fact that Plutonium fuel was being used at Fukushima to show that the plan was safe. A presentation even cited GE’s role in providing Plutonium for its Fukushima reactor as a benefit for GE to have a role in the Plutonium fuel plan for Energy Northwest.

As the world has unfortunately learned as the Japan reactor meltdown crisis unfolded, Plutonium MOX fuel operates at higher temperatures in reactors, and higher heat for spent fuel in pools than conventional uranium reactor fuel. “Higher temperatures increase gas release from fuel pellets,” which would lead to increased release of radioactive gasses and increased radiation doses – “which could affect… accident consequences,” says one Energy Northwest document labeled “Business Sensitive.”

“Regional and state politics should be considered regarding our announcement” of the pending agreement with the federal Energy Department read another internal staff summary obtained via the Public Records Act.

“It’s no surprise that the utility tried to keep its controversial plans to use reactor fuel containing weapons-quality plutonium secret,” said researcher Tom Clements who uncovered Energy Northwest’s plans. Clements has been the leading watchdog over Plutonium at the Energy Department’s Savannah River Site and requested the documents for Friends of the Earth and Heart of America Northwest. “MOX containing approximately five to seven percent weapons-grade plutonium presents technical challenges to reactor operation and fuel management and storage, poses security risks in transport and handling, and presents the threat of larger radiation release in an accident.”

The political motivation for Energy Northwest to be the first nuclear reactor operator in the nation to use Plutonium MOX fuel was displayed in a slide presentation to the Energy Northwest Board. The Long- Term Vision goals presented to the Energy Northwest board, comprised of representatives from the member public utilities stated: “Assist nuclear industry in closing the nuclear fuel cycle.” None of the safety risks from using Plutonium fuel, or the objections to using Plutonium fuel due to weapons proliferation concerns, were mentioned in the presentation to the Energy Northwest Board members. For many years, the nuclear industry has promoted extracting Plutonium from the used, “spent”, reactor fuel rods after they are removed from reactors. The Plutonium would then be utilized in new MOX fuel. This extraction involves melting the used fuel rods down in acid and chemically extracting the Plutonium, which is less than one percent of the volume or radioactivity of the used fuel. What remains are very large quantities of liquid High-Level Nuclear Wastes.


At Hanford, over 53 million gallons of liquid High-Level Nuclear Wastes are stored in massive underground tanks which have leaked over a million gallons of some of the deadliest waste ever created on the planet. The leaks from the tanks have spread deeper into the soil and into groundwater moving more rapidly towards the Columbia River than USDOE claimed was possible as of just several years ago. USDOE’s effort to build the world’s largest nuclear and chemical treatment plant to glassify (“vitrify”) the liquid High-Level Wastes is years behind schedule and more than $8 billion over the original price estimate from 2001. The Plant, when competed in 2019, is projected to have the capacity to treat only half the volume of waste in Hanford’s tanks by 2050, leading Heart of America Northwest to challenge the calls to create even more liquid High-Level Nuclear Wastes in order to have Plutonium fuel. The nuclear industry is attempting to rebrand the melting down of fuel rods to extract Plutonium from its long held name of “reprocessing” to the green name of “recycling,” and touting it as a solution to the nation’s lack of a geologic repository for High-Level Nuclear Waste, especially following the withdrawal of the license application for the proposed repository at Yucca Mt., Nevada. The President’s Blue Ribbon Commission reviewing what to do with spent reactor fuel and High- Level Nuclear Waste has issued a draft report noting that the scientific consensus is that “reprocessing” does not reduce the need for High-Level Nuclear Waste geologic repositories, while there is no consensus on the proliferation risks, and recognizing that it does create new liquid High-Level Nuclear Wastes. The Commission’s draft report on the testimony presented to it is available for comment on its website (http://www.brc.gov/).

On the evening of March 31st, well over 100 concerned people attended an annual “State of the Hanford Site” meeting at the Red Lion Hotel at Portland’s Jantzen Beach with many insisting that Hanford officials take action to stop Energy Northwest from adding Plutonium back to Hanford for use in Energy Northwest’s reactor as well as urging that Hanford not be used again as a national radioactive waste dump. The responses from Energy Department officials to both of these top regional concerns began similarly by telling the audience that another entity or part of the Energy Department was responsible. After being pressed by the indefatigable Lloyd Marbett, who led efforts to shut the Trojan reactor for many years, Energy Department Richland Field Office Manager Matt McCormick said that he would raise the concerns of Portland’s public with Energy Northwest officials when he tours their reactor in April. One result of the outcry was Ken Niles, representing the Oregon Department of Energy, informing the public that Oregon would now be looking to be more involved in reviewing Energy Northwest’s pending application for relicensing to operate for an additional twenty years, in light of the Fukushima accident and the need to examine emergency plans. Two nights earlier in Seattle, the Energy Department’s McCormick had professed to being unaware that the Department’s own Pacific Northwest Lab was planning on using “hot cell” facilities in the southern portion of the Hanford site to fabricate the Plutonium fuel and to “assay” the test fuel rods, which would create new highly radioactive wastes. Several public comments then said that this undermined McCormick’s credibility and doubted that the site Manager would not know of a proposal to utilize a contaminated facility to produce Plutonium fuel in an area where all the other facilities were being dismantled.


On March 18th, the citizens group Heart of America Northwest Research Center sued Energy Northwest for violating Washington’s Public Records Act for blacking out records showing what the utility planned to spend from ratepayer money to pursue MOX along with risks and liabilities for the region’s public utilities which comprise Energy Northwest. Attorney Dave Bahr of Eugene, who specializes in Freedom of Information Act and state public records violations, is representing the group. While finding out what Energy Northwest hid from disclosure is the goal of the suit, the next steps from citizens opposing the use of Plutonium fuel are likely to organize for city electric utilities and county public utility districts in Energy Northwest’s board to demand an end to the plan to use Plutonium fuel. A second legal front will likely be to insist that the Energy Department and Energy Northwest prepare an environmental impact statement with public review and meetings on the proposal – a step which is not discussed as part of the process in the planning documents disclosed to date. Those documents foresaw the start of Plutonium test rods being used in the reactor in 2013. Following the Japanese reactor meltdown, safety questions abound about whether Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) safety reviews will be more strenuous for MOX Plutonium fuel. In the Energy Northwest plans, the maximum melt down to be considered in the proposed safety review was for only 1.8% of the fuel to melt. While it is far too early to know how much fuel in Fukushima Reactor 3 has melted or breached, numerous experts have stated that they expect a far more substantial portion than 1.8%.

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The Plutonium proposed to be used to fuel Energy Northwest’s Columbia Generating Station would be coming from the Energy Department’s stockpile of weapons grade Plutonium at its Savannah River, South Carolina site. The Plutonium would have to be trucked to Hanford – a major security risk as well as posing serious safety questions. Ironically, USDOE spent tens of millions of dollars removing weapons grade Plutonium from a vault at Hanford’s Plutonium Finishing Plant and sending it to the Savannah River site over the past several years. Trucking the Plutonium requires extensive security – there are few more attractive or higher profile malicious targets on US highways. When the Energy Department under the Bush Administration proposed to truck half of the nation’s spent fuel to Hanford for reprocessing (or “recycling”) in 2008, its own impact statement estimated that trucking the highly radioactive wastes would cause 816 fatal cancers in adults along the truck routes, even if there were no accident or terrorist attacks. The casks used to shield radiation from High-Level Nuclear Waste or highly radioactive Plutonium wastes are massive but cannot prevent all radiation from coming through the cask without being far too heavy to be trucked. Children are three to ten times more susceptible to cancer from the same radiation dose as adults, but the Energy Department only calculated the risk to adults along the truck routes. If Plutonium is trucked to Hanford or if Hanford is used as a national radioactive waste dump, Oregon bears the greater portion of risks. From the East Coast, the majority of shipments would have to cross the Blue Mountains on I-84. From California and the Southwest, a substantial number of radioactive waste trucks would head up the I-5 corridor through Medford, Eugene, Salem and Portland.

Over a thousand Portland residents would die from cancer if there were a reasonably foreseeable accident or terrorist attack on a truck carrying highly radioactive Plutonium wastes to Hanford at the intersection of I-205 and I-84, according to the findings of a group of nuclear physicists and nuclear waste transportation experts hired by Heart of America Northwest to run Nuclear Regulatory Commission models. Over 300 square miles of Portland would have to be evacuated and remain evacuated until a never before decontamination effort were somehow conducted in an urban area. Whether this is feasible may soon be tested in the area around Fukushima. Plutonium fuel is not as radioactive as the waste which USDOE proposes to ship to Hanford. On May 19th, the Energy Department is holding its sole Oregon hearing on a new proposal to use Hanford as a national radioactive waste dump for extremely radioactive wastes, which it calls “Greater Than Class C” wastes. These wastes include highly radioactive Plutonium wastes, which USDOE started shipping to Hanford in 2003, but were blocked from further trucking due to the lack of consideration of the safety and environmental risks in an impact statement. Many of these truckloads would be on the I-5 corridor if USDOE chooses to use shallow landfills or boreholes at Hanford to dispose of the wastes. Oregon’s US Senator Ron Wyden has often said that: “Using Hanford as a national radioactive waste dump puts Oregon at risk twice: once when the waste is trucked to Hanford, and again when it inevitably leaks into groundwater and into the Columbia River.” For Additional Information: visit the Heart of America Northwest website at: www.hoanw.org


by Gerry Pollet, JD, Executive Director, Heart of America Northwest
Issue #465 / April 2011

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Energy Northwest
Hanford Watch
www.hanford.gov
Heart of America Northwest

Gerry Pollet is Executive Director of Heart of America Northwest, a 16,000 member citizens’ group which is widely respected as the region’s largest citizens’ watchdog group for the cleanup of America’s most contaminated area: the Hanford Nuclear Reservation, through which the Columbia River flows for fifty miles in Central Washington.

Gerry also continues to serve as chair for the Hanford Advisory Board’s Budgets and Contracts oversight committee, responsible for review of the ederal Energy Department’s (USDOE’s) Hanford budgets, management and contracts. Hanford Clean-Up is the nation’s largest public works project with a $2 billion annual budget. Working closely with Senator Ron Wyden, Congressman Adam Smith and others, Gerry has provided the research and advocacy leading to reductions in Hanford contractors’ “overhead” costs and other waste by hundreds of millions of dollars. Gerry has testified by invitation to U.S. Senate and U.S. House Committees. His research has been utilized extensively in media reporting on Hanford Clean-Up contracts and budgets. He has worked extensively to protect workers at Hanford from exposure to beryllium. The University of Washington School of Public Health awarded Heart of America Northwest and Gerry its 2010 Community Service Partner award; and, Heart of America Northwest was named the “Region’s Best Environmental Group” in 2008 by the Spokane Peace, Justice and Environmental Community. Other honors include “Grassroots Activist of the Year” by the Alliance for Nuclear Accountability; and, Washington Physicians for Social Responsibility’s top annual award, previously given to then AG, now Governor Chris Gregoire, and Gov. Mike Lowry. (Paul Beeson Peace Award).

Gerry is a frequent lecturer and teacher at regional universities, law schools and legal education programs, and supervises an annual public interest and environmental law student externship program. Gerry has assisted numerous environmental citizen groups and other public interest groups. He serves on the legal committee of the Washington Coalition for Open Government, and on the board as Secretary. In 1986, Gerry was the author and campaign director of the successful Washington State Ballot Referendum that blocked Hanford from becoming the nation’s first High-Level Nuclear Waste Dump.

Gerry was one of the contributing authors of Washington’s Model Toxics Control Act, passed by the voters of Washington State. He has subsequently been the drafter of provisions updating the law and its rules for risk assessment, public involvement and allowing for cleanup and reuse of industrial properties. He has served on numerous agency advisory boards relating to hazardous substance cleanup, regulation of dangerous wastes, and electric utility planning. Gerry has lectured and presented in numerous forums on risk assessment and public input to exposure scenarios in hazardous waste site cleanup planning.

Heart of America Northwest, The Public's Voice for Hanford Cleanup!
Heart of America Northwest & Heart of America Northwest Research Center 
1314 NE 56th St, Suite 100
Seattle, WA 98105
206.382.1014


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